The Virtues

Cardinal Virtues -- Prudence, Justice, Restraint, Courage
Prudent -- Prudence is the exercise of sound judgment in practical affairs; proper judgment; of reasons for action within a context
Just -- Justice proper judgment regarding individual human interests, rights and deserts
Cool -- Restraint or Temperance practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation
Hot -- Courage, Fortitude, forbearance, endurance, and ability to confront fear and uncertainty, or intimidation

theological virtues
* Faith - steadfastness in belief
* Hope - expectation of good; desire of receiving; refraining from despair; induration
* Love - selfless, unconditional, and voluntary loving-kindness. Helping your neighbors.
*Charity - selfless, unconditional, and voluntary loving-kindness. Helping your neighbors.

Roman virtues
* Auctoritas --- "Spiritual Authority" --- The sense of one's social standing, built up through experience, Pietas, and Industria.
* Comitas --- "Humour" --- Ease of manner, courtesy, openness, and friendliness.
* Constantinum --- "Perseverance" --- Military stamina, mental and physical endurance.
* Clementia --- "Mercy" --- Mildness and gentleness.
* Dignitas --- "Dignity" --- A sense of self-worth, personal pride.
* Disciplina --- "Discipline" --- Military oath under Roman protective law & citizenship.
* Firmitas --- "Tenacity" --- Strength of mind, the ability to stick to one's purpose.
* Frugalitas --- "Frugalness" --- Economy and simplicity of style, without being miserly.
* Gravitas --- "Gravity" --- A sense of the importance of the matter at hand, responsibility and earnestness.
* Honestas --- "Respectability" --- The image that one presents as a respectable member of society.
* Humanitas --- "Humanity" --- Refinement, civilization, learning, and being cultured.
* Industria --- "Industriousness" --- Hard work.
* Iustitia --- "Justice" --- Sense of moral worth to an action.
* Pietas --- "Dutifulness" --- More than religious piety; a respect for the natural order socially, politically, and religiously. Includes the ideas of patriotism and devotion to others.
* Prudentia --- "Prudence" --- Foresight, wisdom, and personal discretion.
* Salubritas --- "Wholesomeness" --- Health and cleanliness.
* Severitas --- "Sternness" --- Gravity, self-control.
* Veritas --- "Truthfulness" --- Honesty in dealing with others.

seven deadly vices
1. Pride or vanity --- an excessive love of the self ... In the Latin lists of the Seven Deadly Sins, pride is referred to as superbia.
2. Avarice (covetousness, greed) --- a desire to possess more than one has need or use for (according to Dante, "excessive love of money and power"). In the Latin lists of the Seven Deadly Sins, avarice is referred to as avaritia.
3. Lust --- excessive sexual desire. Dante's criterion was that "lust detracts from true love". In the Latin lists of the Seven Deadly Sins, lust is referred to as luxuria.
4. Wrath or anger --- feelings of hatred, revenge or denial, as well as punitive desires outside of justice (Dante's description was "love of justice perverted to revenge and spite"). In the Latin lists of the Seven Deadly Sins, wrath is referred to as ira.
5. Gluttony --- overindulgence in food, drink or intoxicants, or misplaced desire of food as a pleasure for its sensuality ("excessive love of pleasure" was Dante's rendering). In the Latin lists of the Seven Deadly Sins, gluttony is referred to as gula.
6. Envy or jealousy - resentment of others for their possessions (Dante: "love of one's own good perverted to a desire to deprive other men of theirs"). In the Latin lists of the Seven Deadly Sins, envy is referred to as invidia.
7. Sloth or laziness; idleness and wastefulness of time and/or other allotted resources. Laziness is condemned because it results in others having to work harder; also, useful work will not be done. Sloth is referred to in Latin as accidie or acedia.

three principles --- Scarecrow (Truth), Tin Woodsman (Love) and Cowardly Lion (Courage)

Islam
Islam -- meaning "acceptance" proclaims the virtue of submission to the will of God, the acceptance of the way things are.
Rahmah -- compassion of Allah
Rahim -- mercy of Allah

*Each of the 114 chapters of the Qur'an, with one exception, begins with the verse,
"In the name of God the Compassionate, the Merciful"
Bi Ism-i-Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim

The Muslim virtues are: prayer, repentance, honesty, loyalty, sincerity, frugality, prudence, moderation, self-restraint, discipline, perseverance, patience, hope, dignity, courage, justice, tolerance, wisdom, good speech, respect, purity, courtesy, kindness, gratitude, generosity, and contentment.

Hindu -- The modes of Sattva:

* Altruism: Selfless Service to all humanity
* Restraint and Moderation: in pleasurable activities ... golden path of moderation
* Honesty: One is require to be honest with themselves, honest to their family, friends, and all of humanity.
* Cleanliness: good health and hygiene,
* Purity: inner cleaniness through devotion to god, selflessness, non-violence
* Protection and reverence for the Earth.
* Universality: Showing tolerance and respect for everyone, everything and the way of the Universe.
* Peace: manner that benefits self and others.
* Non-Violence/Ahimsa: This means not killing, or being violent in any way to any life form or sentient being.
* Reverence: for elders and teachers.

Buddhism

Noble Eightfold Path

1. Right View - Realizing the Four Noble Truths
2. Right Intention - Commitment to mental and ethical growth in moderation
3. Right Speech - One speaks in a non hurtful, not exaggerated, truthful way
4. Right Action - Wholesome action, avoiding action that would do harm
5. Right Livelihood - One's job does not harm in any way oneself or others; directly or indirectly
6. Right Effort - One makes an effort to improve
7. Right Mindfulness - Mental ability to see things for what they are with clear consciousness
8. Right Concentration - Wholesome one-pointedness of mind

Buddhism : 4 Brahma Vihara ("Divine States"):

1. Metta/Maitri: kindness towards all; loving kindness is "the wish that all sentient beings, without any exception, be happy."
2. Karuna: compassion; the hope that a person's sufferings will diminish; compassion is the "wish for all sentient beings to be free from suffering."
3. Mudita: altruistic joy in the accomplishments of a person, oneself or other; sympathetic joy, "is the wholesome attitude of rejoicing in the happiness and virtues of all sentient beings."
4. Upekkha/Upeksha: equanimity, or learning to accept both loss and gain, praise and blame, success and failure with detachment, equally, for oneself and for others; equanimity means "not to distinguish between friend, enemy or stranger, but regard every sentient being as equal. It is a clear-minded tranquil state of mind - not being overpowered by delusions, mental dullness or agitation."

There are also the Paramitas ("perfections"):

Theravada Buddhism's canonical Buddhavamsa the Ten Perfections (dasa pa-ramiyo):

1. Da-na parami : generosity, giving of oneself
2. Si-la parami : virtue, morality, proper conduct
3. Nekkhamma parami : renunciation
4. Pan~n~a- parami : transcendental wisdom, insight
5. Viriya (also spelt vi-riya) parami : energy, diligence, vigour, effort
6. Khanti parami : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
7. Sacca parami : truthfulness, honesty
8. Adhit.t.ha-na (adhitthana) parami : determination, resolution
9. Metta- parami : loving-kindness
10. Upekkha- (also spelt upekha-) parami : equanimity, serenity

Mahayana Buddhism, the Lotus Sutra (Saddharmapundarika), lists the Six Perfections as (original terms in Sanskrit):

1. Da-na paramita: generosity, giving of oneself
2. S'i-la paramita : virtue, morality, discipline, proper conduct
3. Ks.a-nti (kshanti) paramita : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
4. Vi-rya paramita : energy, diligence, vigour, effort
5. Dhya-na paramita : one-pointed concentration, contemplation
6. Prajn~a- paramita : wisdom, insight

four Paramitas are:

7. Upa-ya paramita: skillful means [SKILL]
8. Pran.idha-na (pranidhana) paramita: vow, resolution, aspiration, determination [PURPOSE]
9. Bala paramita: spiritual power
10. Jn~a-na paramita: knowledge power

Sikhism -- the Five Virtues
Fundamental qualities which one should develop in order to reach Mutki, or to reunite or merge with God.

Sat (truth)
Daya (compassion)
Santokh (contentment)
Nimrata (humility)
Pyare (love)

Confucian Virtue -- the way of Dao
ren ("humanity" & "goodness")
xiao ("filial piety")
zhong ("loyalty")

Chinese Martial Morality

* Morality of deed
o Humility (Qian Xu)
o Loyalty (Zhong Cheng)
o Respect (Zun Jing)
o Righteousness (Zheng Yi)
o Trust (Xin Yong)
* Morality of mind
o Courage (Yong Gan)
o Endurance (Ren Nai)
o Patience (Heng Xin)
o Perseverance (Yi Li)
o Will (Yi Zhi)

Bushido- code

* Rectitude (gi)
* Courage (yuu)
* Benevolence (jin)
* Respect (rei)
* Honesty (shin)
* Honor (yo)
* Loyalty (chuu)
* Filial piety (ko)
* Wisdom (chi)
* Care for the aged (tei)

Order of St. John

The four arms of the cross signify the cardinal virtues: Prudence, Temperance, Justice and Fortitude.
The eight points signify the beatitudes: Humility, Compassion, Courtesy, Devotion, Mercy, Purity, Peace and Endurance.

other Knightly virtues:
* Mercy
* Generosity
* Faith
* Nobility
* Hope
* Strength
* Humility
* Peace

Virtues according to Benjamin Franklin

1. Temperance. Eat not to Dullness Drink not to Elevation.
2. Silence. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling Conversation.
3. Order. Let all your Things have their Places. Let each Part of your Business have its Time.
4. Resolution. Resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve.
5. Frugality. Make no Expense but to do good to others or yourself: i.e. Waste nothing.
6. Industry. Lose no Time. Be always employ'd in something useful. Cut off all unnecessary Actions.
7. Sincerity. Use no hurtful Deceit. Think innocently and justly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
8. Justice. Wrong none, by doing Injuries or omitting the Benefits that are your Duty.
9. Moderation. Avoid Extremes. Forbear resenting Injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10. Cleanliness. Tolerate no Uncleanness in Body, Clothes or Habitation.
11. Tranquility. Be not disturbed at Trifles, or at Accidents common or unavoidable.
12. Chastity. Rarely use Venery but for Health or Offspring; Never to Dullness, Weakness, or the Injury of your own or another's Peace or Reputation.
13. Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.

positive psychology
1. Pleasant Life, or the "life of enjoyment" ... optimally experience by favor of the positive feelings and emotions.
2. Good Life, or the "life of engagement" ... immersion, absorption, and flow that individuals feel when optimally engaged in activities.
3. Meaningful Life, or "life of affiliation" ... positive sense of well-being, belonging, meaning, and purpose.

Classical	LATIN		VICE	LATIN
Chastity	Castitas	Purity	Lust	Luxuria	Courage and Boldness. Embracing of moral wholesomeness and achieving purity of thought through education and betterment.
Temperance	Temperare	Self-Control	Gluttony	Gula	Constant mindfulness of others and one's surroundings; practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation.
Charity	Caritas	Generosity	Greed	Avaritia	Generosity. Willingness to give. A nobility of thought or actions.
Diligence	Industria	Persistence,	Sloth	Acedia Tristitia	A zealous and careful nature in one's actions and work. Decisive work ethic. Budgeting one's time; monitoring one's own activities to guard against laziness.Effort
Patience	Patientia	Peace	Wrath	Ira	Forbearance and endurance through moderation. Resolving conflicts peacefully, as opposed to resorting to violence. The ability to forgive; to show mercy to sinners.
Kindness	Humanitas	Satisfaction	Envy	Invidia	Charity, compassion, friendship, and sympathy without prejudice and for its own sake.
Humility	Humilitas	Bravery, Modesty	Pride	Superbia	Modest behavior, selflessness, and the giving of respect. Giving credit where credit is due; not unfairly glorifying one's own self.
Justice	Iustitia		Corruption	Venaliter	Fairness, Equity. Honesty, and the giving of righteousness. Telling the truth. It is the light of truth that conquers the dark of the wrong. Equity, impartiality. Doing what is right.

Eudaimonia is a state of 'well-being', 'happiness', and in the context of virtue ethics that measures 'human flourishing'. Eudaimonia is not a subjective, but an objective, state. It characterizes the well-lived life, irrespective of the emotional state of the person experiencing it. (Form vs Substance)

 

Laws of Thought - Logic

Aristotle
* law of identity -- A is A
* law of noncontradiction -- "It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be."
* law of excluded middle -- Tertium non datur: "there is no third"

Avicenna
The classical Islamic philosopher, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), once wrote the following response to opponents of the law of noncontradiction:

"Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned." (Avicenna, Metaphysics)

Locke
* revised the law of identity as "Whatsoever is, is."

Schopenhauer

Four Laws
1. A subject is equal to the sum of its predicates, or a = a -- law of identity
2. No predicate can be simultaneously attributed and denied to a subject -- law of noncontradiction
3. Of every two contradictorily opposite predicates one must belong to every subject.
4. Truth is the reference of a judgment to something outside it as its sufficient reason or ground.

The laws of thought can be most intelligibly expressed thus:

1. Everything that is, exists.
2. Nothing can simultaneously be and not be.
3. Each and every thing either is or is not.
4. Of everything that is, it can be found why it is.

Leibniz

Leibniz formulated two additional principles:

* principle of sufficient reason -- causal relationships
* identity of indiscernibles -- the know unknows

entities x and y are identical if any predicate possessed by x is also possessed by y and vice versa.

Peano

Equality axioms ... usually represented as a set N
1. For every natural number x, x = x. That is, equality is reflexive.
2. For all natural numbers x and y, if x = y, then y = x. That is, equality is symmetric.
3. For all natural numbers x, y and z, if x = y and y = z, then x = z. That is, equality is transitive.
4. For all a and b, if a is a natural number and a = b, then b is also a natural number. That is, the natural numbers are closed under equality.
5. 0 is a natural number.
6. For every natural number n, S(n) is a natural number.

function expresses dependence between two quantities, one of which is known and the other which is produced.

VIRTUES

ability acceptance altruism, appreciation assertiveness attention autonomy awareness balance beauty benevolence candor caring caution charity chastity cleanliness commitment compassion confidence consciousness consideration contentment cooperativeness courage courteousness creativity

cunning curiosity dependability detachment determination diligence discernment discipline empathy encouragement endurance enthusiasm egalitarianism equanimity equity excellence fairness faith faithfulness, fidelity fitness flexibility foresight forgiveness fortitude

friendliness generosity gentleness happiness health helpfulness honesty honor hopefulness hospitality humility humor idealism imagination impartiality independence innocence integrity intuition inventiveness joyfulness justice kindness lovingness loyalty

mercy moderation modesty morality nonviolence nurturing obedience openness optimism patience peacefulness perseverance philanthropy philomathy piety potential prudence purity purposefulness resilience rememberance respectfulness reverence responsibility restraint

self-awareness self-confidence self-discipline self-reliance self-respect sensitivity service sharing sincerity spirituality sympathy tactfulness temperance tenacity thankfulness thoughtfulness tolerance trustworthiness truthfulness understanding unity unselfishness wisdom

Let the Fear of God be your feet, and let His Love be your hands; let His Understanding be your eyes.